![]() ![]() tetradactyla, widely distributed in South America, is the most common anteater throughout its distribution range. Tamandua mexicana occurs from Central America southward to northern South America, whereas T. xinguensis and Myrmecophagidae, which comprises the giant anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla, and the northern and southern anteater, Tamandua mexicana and T. The group comprises 10 extant species distributed in two families: Cyclopedidae, including the silky anteaters, with seven species - Cyclopes catellus, C. ![]() Vermilingua are endemic to the Neotropics and widely distributed in South and Central America, including Trinidad. The Teres major with its origin enlargement on the scapula and more distally inserted on the humerus). Anteaters have peculiar anatomical features that distinguish them from all other mammals such as an elongated rostrum with a posteriorly displaced palate, incomplete zygomatic arch, a worm-like tongue attached in the xiphoid process of the sternum, absence of teeth and forelimbs with strong muscles adapted for the increase of force during the movement (e.g. Cingulata includes New World armored mammals, whereas Pilosa includes sloths (suborder Folivora) and anteaters (suborder Vermilingua ). Mammals in the superorder Xenarthra are sister to Epitheria, comprising the most basal placental mammals, and are arranged into the orders Cingulata and Pilosa. In addition, the diagnosis of these bone diseases in living anteaters provides useful information for studies on animal health and welfare, as well as contributing to the more effective recognition of paleodiseases in fossil xenarthrans. tetradactyla, favoring a better understanding of the expression of some bone diseases in wild animals. New osteopathological informations are presented for T. ![]() Musculoskeletal reconstruction revealed that an old specimen was restricted to terrestrial locomotion due to osteopathological processes that impaired its climbing. The following bone diseases were identified for the first time in Tamandua and other extant and fossil vermilinguans: osteophytes, osteitis, osteoarthritis, periostitis, exostoses, enthesopathies, and a severe chronic pyogenic osteomyelitis associated with fistulae, cloacae (pus), bone loss, and neoformation processes. tetradactyla museum specimens covering most of the material available in Brazilian collections. Here, we examined postcranial skeletons of 64 T. Even though much is known about its ecology, behavior, and parasites, there is very limited information about bone diseases in Tamandua and other anteaters. The southern tamandua, Tamandua tetradactyla (Linnaeus, 1758), is the most common species of anteater. ![]()
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